Te hoahoanga o te Alhambra

He whare rangatira, he pā kaha hoki te Alhambra i Granada, Pāniora. He wāhi hanga whare Ihirama nui, ā, he tino tiakina hoki.

E whakaarohia ana i ahu mai tōna ingoa i te kupu Ārapi “Qal'at al-Hamra” (te Kāreti Whero), e pā ana pea ki ngā pereki uku whero i whakamahia mō tōna hanganga.

I tīmata te hanganga i waenganui o te rautau 13 i raro i a Muhammad ibn al Ahmar, te Emir o Granada. I oti i a Yusuf I i te rautau i muri mai.

I whakawhiwhia ki te mana Tuku Iho o te Ao i te tau 1984 mō tōna ataahua, mō ngā awe o ngā Moorish me ngā Andalusia, tae atu ki ngā panonitanga ā-rohe i roto i te wā.

He ranunga o ngā whare kingi me ngā marae o ngā wā o waenganui me ngā wā o te Renaissance a Alhambra, e takoto ana i roto i tētahi pā. I nohoia ngā kingi Muhirama me ngā kingi Karaitiana i reira, engari kāore i te wā kotahi.

Kei te taha tonu o te pae maunga o Sierra Nevada i Pāniora tēnei pā, e kiia nei ko te alcazaba . I whanake hei tāone nui me ngā kaukau, ngā urupā, ngā wāhi karakia, ngā māra, me ngā puna wai.

He tino ataahua ngā whakaahua whakairo, ngā pou, me ngā pakitara o te whare, e whakaatu ana i te hītori pōrearea o Iberia.

Ko te tūnga rautaki o Alhambra i runga i ngā pukepuke, ngā pā kaha, me ngā wāhanga rangatira papai e kukume ana i ngā mano tini o ngā tūruhi, e rapu ana i tētahi pararaiha Māori.

Ngā Āhuatanga me te Hoahoa Hanga Whare

He mea motuhake te hoahoanga o te Alhambra nā te mea he huinga huatau o ngā āhuatanga Ihirama me Karaitiana.

He mārama tēnei i roto i ngā matapihi whakarara mashrabiya, he mea whai hua, he mea whakapaipai hoki.

E whakaatu ana te Alhambra i ngā āhuatanga tuku iho o te ao Ihirama pērā i ngā arawhata pou, ngā puna wai, ngā puna kaukau whakaata, ngā tauira āhuahanga, me ngā tuhinga Ārapi matatini.

Nā ēnei āhuatanga i awe te hoahoanga o Ūropi, ā, i whakaurua mai he papakupu hou o ngā kupu Ārapi hei whakaahua i ngā hoahoa ahurei a ngā Mōori. Ko ngā āhuatanga matua ko:

• Alfiz: Te kōhao hū hōiho, he āhuatanga motuhake o te hoahoanga Mōri.
• Alicatado: Ngā mosaic tāera āhuahanga.
• Ārapeka: He hoahoa uaua e āhua ana ki ngā toi Mōri.
• Mashrabiya: Ngā ārai matapihi Ihirama.
• Mihrab: He wāhi karakia i roto i ngā mosque.
• Muqarnas: Ngā hanganga rite ki te honikoma e tautoko ana i ngā tuanui me ngā tuanui.

E kitea ana te auahatanga o te hoahoanga o Alhambra i roto i ōna whare kingi maha, tae atu ki te Whare o Comares, te Whare o ngā Raiona, me te Whare o Partal.

Ahakoa ehara i te mea ko Nasrid, he wāhanga anō hoki o te whare ngā Whare Ariki o Charles V , e whakaatu ana i te ranunga o ngā momo kāhua Ihirama me te Renaissance.

E mōhiotia ana ngā Whare Ariki o Nasrid i te Alhambra mō tōna āhua ataahua me te whaiaro, e tutukihia ana mā roto i ngā marae kua whakaritea pai, ngā āhuatanga wai, ngā māra, me ngā whakapaipai stucco me ngā taera kua whakairohia ataahua.

Ka hipokina ngā pakitara e te paraikete, he mea hanga i te oneone pakaru, te raima raima, te pereki rānei, ko ngā mea rakau ia e whakamahia ana mō ngā tuanui, ngā tuanui, ngā tatau me ngā arai matapihi.

E whakanui ana te momo kāhua i te ataahua o roto, me ngā marae he roto, he puna rānei i waenganui, me ngā whakamahau me ngā whakaataata e karapoti ana.

Ka whakamahi te hoahoanga i tētahi huarahi taurite pāngarau hei whakatutuki i te hanganga tirohanga ōrite.

I hangaia te mahere me te whakaaro ki te āhuarangi, ā, kei roto ngā āhuatanga pēnei i ngā awa wai hei whakamatao me te whakahaere i te hihi o te rā hei whakatairanga i te whakamarie puta noa i te tau.

He iti ake, he āpiti ake ngā rūma o te papa o runga, he mea pai mō te whakamahinga i te takurua, engari ko te aronga o ngā marae ka taea te whakahaere i te nui o te rā me te atarangi.

Whakapaipai me ngā Tuhinga

He nui te whakamahinga o ngā whakapaipai o te Alhambra i te stucco whakairo, te taera mosaic, me te rakau.

Kei roto i ngā whakapaipai stucco ngā arabesque tipu, ngā motika epigraphic, ngā āhua ā-ira, me ngā hoahoa sebka, e whakamahia pinepinetia ana hei hanga muqarnas toru-ahu.

Kei roto i ngā tuhinga Ārapi i ngā pakitara ngā whiti o te Qur'an, ngā rotarota, me te pepeha a Nasrid "wa la ghalib illa-llah" ("Kāore he toa engari ko te Atua").

He maha ngā momo tuhituhi Ārapi kua tuhia ki ngā tuhituhinga, tae atu ki ngā tuhituhinga Naskhi, Thuluth, me Kufic. He maha i peitahia i te tuatahi ki ngā tae kanapa me ngā whakamārama koura, hiriwa rānei.

He ataahua, he tohu hoki ēnei tuhituhinga, me ngā rotarota e tohu ana i a rātou anō e whakapaipai ana i ngā rūma.

Ngā Wāhanga me ngā Āhuatanga Hiranga

Kei roto i te whare karakia o Alhambra i ēnei rā te Alcazaba, te wāhanga tawhito rawa atu, me ngā whare kingi me ngā hanganga i tāpirihia i roto i ngā rautau.

I te tau 1238 i raro i te mana o te Kāwanatanga o Nasrid, ka whakawhānuihia te pā hei whare kingi.

I muri i te raupatu a te Karaitiana i te tau 1492, i mahia e ngā rangatira Karaitiana, tae atu ki a Emepara Charles V, ngā whakarerekētanga nui.

I whakahoroa e Charles V ētahi wāhanga o ngā whare kingi Moorish hei hanga i tōna ake whare noho momo Renaissance i roto i te whare.

• Te Whare o ngā Raiona: E mōhiotia ana mō tōna puna alabasta e karapotia ana e ngā whakapakoko raiona tekau mā rua, e whakaatu ana tēnei whare i ngā toi me ngā mahi hangarau Ihirama. Ko ngā rūma o te whare tata he tauira pai o te hoahoa Moorish.

• Te Marae o ngā Myrtle: Ko tētahi o ngā wāhi tino tiakina o te Alhambra, kei tēnei marae he puna kaukau whānui e karapotia ana e ngā tipu myrtle me ngā ara mapere. Ko tōna hiranga hītori i ahu mai i te wā o Washington Irving.

• Te Whare Ariki o Comares: Ko te kāinga taketake o te kingi o Nasrid, e mōhiotia ana mō tōna pourewa nui o Comares me ngā puna kaukau whakaata.

• Te Whare Ariki o Partal: Ko tētahi tēnei o ngā whare ariki tawhito rawa atu, mai i te tau 1300. E karapotia ana e ngā māra me ngā roto.

• Generalife : He whare kingi kei te taha o te pukepuke me ngā māra papatahi i hangaia hei whai i te pararaiha e whakaahuatia ana i roto i te Koran. He tauira tōmua tēnei o te hoahoanga rauropi e whakakotahi ana i te whenua me te papa rakau.

Ngā Kaihoahoa me ngā Kaiwaiata

He iti noa ngā mōhiotanga e pā ana ki ngā kaihoahoa me ngā tohunga mahi toi takitahi, engari he mea nui te mahi a te tari hanga whare, arā, ko Dīwān al-Ins͟hā', i roto i te hoahoa me te whakapaipai o te Alhambra.

Ko ētahi tāngata nui pērā i a Ibn al-Jayyab, Ibn al-Khatib, me Ibn Zamrak, i mahi hei kāwana me hei wizier, he mea nui rātou ki te whakahaere i ngā kaupapa hanga me te tuhi i te nuinga o ngā rotarota i whakapaipai i ngā pakitara o te whare kingi.

Ko te hoahoanga o te Alhambra, he mea e mōhiotia ana e tōna ataahua me tōna pūkenga mahi toi, kua tu atu i ngā rautau o te pakaru, te pakanga, me ngā āhuatanga taiao.

I tapaina e Irving ko "te kāinga o te ataahua," me ngā pakitara kapi katoa i te tuhituhi whakairo me ngā tuhinga a te Kōran.

Kei te kukume tonu te whakamaharatanga i ngā manuhiri me tōna ataahua o ngā hanganga me ōna tikanga tuku iho.

Kei te karapoti tētahi i te Marae o ngā Raiona, te wāhi e whakaarohia ana e whakarongo ana ngā wairua o ngā mekameka me ngā wairua o ngā Abencerrages o Āwherika ki te Raki kua mate.

Hei whakamutunga, e whakaatu ana te Alhambra i te ahurea me te hoahoanga o mua o Pāniora, e whakakotahi ana i ngā āhuatanga o ngā Moori me ngā Karaitiana i tētahi huarahi kua pā ki ngā hoahoanga o te ao katoa.

Ngā Pātai Auau

Whakaahua Matua: Dimitry B i runga i te Unsplash