Te Kitea o ngā Mea Whakamiharo o te Huihuinga Romana
Gargi Mallik
·20 min read
Ko te Forum Romanum, e mōhiotia ana ko te Forum Romanum, te wāhi matua o Rōma onamata. I konei, ka hokohoko taonga ngā kaihokohoko, ka tautohetohe ngā kaitōrangapū i ngā ture, ā, ka huihui ngā tāngata whenua ki te kōrero mō ngā purongo me ngā huihuinga. Ehara i te mea he mākete noa iho te Forum; ko te wairua o Rōma, he wāhi e rangona ai ngā whakataunga puta noa i te hītori.
I ēnei rā, he wāhi keri whenua nui tēnei me ngā ururua whakamiharo e whakarato ana i te tirohanga ki te hītori o tētahi iwi kaha. Ka titiro whakamuri tēnei tuhinga ki ngā wā o mua hei ako i ōna takenga mai, tōna hiranga, me tōna taonga tuku iho pumau.
Kia mōhio: Ko te tawhiti i waenganui i te Roman Forum me te Colosseum he tata ki te 500 mita (tata ki te 0.3 maero). Ka taea e koe te hikoi noa mai i tētahi ki tētahi i roto i te 5 ki te 10 meneti.
Ngā Hāora Whakatuwheratanga: 9 i te ata ki te 7.15 i te ahiahi
Kua kati: 25 Hakihea me te 1 o Hānuere
Ngā Wāhi Whakamīharo: Ngā Temepara Tapu, Ngā Hanganga me Ngā Whare Tūmatanui
Kāhua Hanga Whare: Ngā Rōmana Tawhito me ngā Paleo-Karaitiana
Tikiti Pai rawa atu: Tikiti Whakauru
Haerenga Pai rawa atu: Haerenga ārahi
Tauwāhi: 00186 Rōma, Tāone Matua o Rōma, Itari. Tikina ngā Aratohu
Ngā Tomokanga
He maha ngā tomokanga ki te Roman Forum, nō reira me whakarite e koe tō haerenga. Anei tētahi tirohanga whānui mō ngā pūwāhi urunga:
Te Whakauru Matua — Via dei Fori Imperiali
Koinei te tomokanga mana mō te Roman Forum, kei te taha o Via dei Fori Imperiali. Mā konei ka taea e koe te tūhura noa i te Roman Forum mai i te taha o Piazza Venezia.
Mā wai tēnei mea tino pai?
He tūruhi e hiahia ana ki te tere haere ki waenganui o te Roman Forum, me te kore e moumou taima.
He wāhi tomo iti ake te tangata i te taha rawhiti o te Forum, e tata ana ki te Arch of Constantine, arā, ko Via di San Gregorio. He tino pai tēnei wāhi mena kei te pirangi koe ki te karo i te mano o te tangata i te kuwaha matua, ā, kāore he āwangawanga mō te hikoi atu ki ngā wāhanga matua o te Forum.
Via di San Gregorio
Mā wai tēnei mea tino pai?
He manuhiri e hiahia ana ki tētahi wheako marino, rangimārie hoki i roto i ngā ururua tawhito.
Mā roto i a Sacra
Ko te Via Sacra, arā, te Ara Tapu, te huarahi matua e tapahi ana i waenganui o te Roman Forum. Ko tēnei huarahi tawhito te pokapū o ngā haerenga whakapono a ngā Rōmana, ngā hīkoi wikitoria, me ngā mahi o ia rā.
Mā wai tēnei mea tino pai?
He manuhiri e hiahia ana ki ngā tirohanga tata o ngā temepara, ngā whare karakia, me ērā atu whare nui i whai wāhi nui ki te oranga tōrangapū o Rōma.
Via della Salara Vecchia
Mā te tomokanga o Via della Salara Vecchia ka taea te uru atu ki te Forum mai i te taha raki-mā-uru, e tata ana ki Capitoline Hill. E tata ana tēnei tomokanga ki te Whareherehere o Mamertine, ā, he iti ake te tangata e tomo ana ki te Forum. Ka taea e koe te tūhura i te wāhanga raki-mā-rāwhiti o te Forum, tae atu ki te rohe huri noa i te Temepara o Antoninus me Faustina me te Basilica Aemilia.
Mā wai tēnei mea tino pai?
He hunga haereere e hiahia ana ki te tīmatanga marino ki tā rātou haerenga, me te tūhura i ngā kokonga kāore i te tino mōhiotia o te Forum.
Ko ēhea tīkiti ki te Roman Forum hei hoko?
Ngā Hāereere e Mōhio ana ki te Tahua
Tikiti i tūtohutia:
Utu Tikiti: €30
He huarahi whānui, he utu hoki tēnei tīkiti ki te tūhura i te Roman Forum, Palatine Hill, me te Colosseum. Tīmatahia tō haerenga ki te tari Tūruhi me te whakaaturanga ataata rongorau 25-meneti te roa, kātahi ka haere ki te tūhura i ngā ururua tawhito i tō ake tere. Whakamutua me te haerenga ārahi Ingarihi e whakaatu ana i te hītori whai rawa o ngā wāhi rongonui o Rōma.
Manuhiri Tuatahi
Tikiti i tūtohutia:
Haerenga Tirotiro i te Colosseum
Utu Tikiti: €36
Mā tēnei tīkiti ka taea e koe te haereere hohonu i roto i ngā wāhi tino hītori o Rōma. Mā tēnei tīkiti, ka taea e koe te wheako i te Roman Forum i tētahi atu ara kāore anō kia kitea i mua! Whiwhi urunga whakakotahi ki te Colosseum me te urunga motuhake ki te Papa Arena, te wāhi i whawhai ai ngā toa gladiatorial i mua. Piki i te Puke Palatine ka pāwhiri i ngā pikitia ataahua o te tāone.
Ngā Aroha Hītori
Tikiti i tūtohutia:
Haerenga Arataki ki te Colosseum
Utu Tikiti: €64
He tino pai tēnei haerenga mō te hunga e aroha ana ki te hītori, e tuku ana i tētahi tirohanga hōhonu ki ngā tohu whenua tino nui o Rōma onamata. Ka tūhuratia e koe te Colosseum rongonui me ngā tīkiti peke-i-te-raina me tētahi haerenga ārahi. Ka hikoi hoki koe i roto i te Puke o Palatine me te Huinga Kōrero o Rōma, ka kite i ngā wāhi rongonui pērā i te Āwhata o Constantine me te Temepara o Saturn.
He Tirohanga Whakamuri ki te Hītori o Roman Forum
I te rautau 7 BC, i te tīmatanga he mākete me te pokapū ā-iwi te Huihuinga, ā, i whanake hei pokapū o Rōma. I roto i ngā rautau, ka tipu hei whare karakia, whare karakia nui, me ngā whare kāwanatanga. I konei, i whakapuakina ngā whaikōrero tūmatanui, i tū ngā pōtitanga, ā, i whakahaerehia ngā kawa whakapono nui.
I te wā o te Rōpū Ripapirikana, i karapotia ia e ngā hanganga nui, pērā i te Temepara o Hātana, te Whare Paremata (Curia), me te Rostra, he tūāpapa hei kōrero mā ngā kaikōrero ki te marea. E whakaata ana ēnei hanganga i te awe me te mana o Rōma e tipu haere ana. I haere ngā tira wikitoria i roto i te Huihuinga, hei whakanui i ngā wikitoria hōia. He wāhi huihuinga pāpori me te tōrangapū hoki te Huihuinga mō ngā Rōmana o ngā momo katoa.
I roto i te hītori o Rōma, he maha ngā whakahoutanga me ngā whakawhānui i mahia ki te Forum i raro i ngā emepara. Heoi, i tīmata tōna hekenga i te rautau 4. I roto i te wā, ka tanumia ki raro i ngā paparanga paru, ā, i whakamahia hei rua mō ngā rauemi hanga i te Waenganui o ngā Tau.
I te wā o te Renaissance, ka tīmata te keri me te ako i te rohe, ā, ka whakaoho ake te hiahia ki te ao tawhito o Rōma. Ko ōna ururua he tohu kaha tonu mō te nui me te taonga tuku iho o Rōma onamata.
💡 Tohutohu Tohunga: Ko te Roman Forum he wāhanga o tētahi whare taonga whaipara tangata nui ake kei roto ko te Colosseum me te Palatine Hill. Ka taea e koe te tono i tētahi tīkiti whakakotahi hei uru atu ki ngā mea e toru.
Ngā Pae Matua
Anei tētahi tirohanga whānui mō te Roman Forum mā roto i ngā momo hanganga i kitea i reira:
Ngā Temepara Tapu
Ko ngā temepara, kua ururuatia inaianei, i whakatapua ki ngā atua nunui, ā, i whakamahia hei wāhi tapu mō ngā emepara me ngā tāngata whenua e rapu ana i te manako o te atua. Kia titiro tātou ki ēnei hanganga whakamīharo:
1. Te Temepara o Vesta
I whakatapua tēnei temepara, e mōhiotia ana ko Aedes Vestae, ki a Vesta, te atua wahine o te takuahi, te kāinga, me te whānau.
I roto i te temepara te ahi tapu, hei tohu mō te haumaru me te whai rawa o Rōma.
Ko ngā Wahine Tapu o te Whare Karakia, arā, ko ngā tohunga wahine i whiriwhiria mai i ngā whānau rangatira, i tohua kia tahuna tonutia. I kitea tōna ngaromanga he tohu whakamataku.
I tēnei rā, ka taea e koe te tūhura i ngā toenga o te wāhi tapu me te Whare o ngā Wahine Wahine Vestal e tata ana, te wāhi i tiaki ai ngā tohunga wahine i te mura.
2. Te temepara o Hīria Hiha
Ko te Temepara o Julius Caesar, e mōhiotia ana ko te Temepara o Divus Julius, he tohu whakamaumahara i hangaia i muri i te kōhurutanga o Julius Caesar i te tau 44 BC.
I tēnei temepara i kitea ai he panonitanga nui i roto i te whakapono Rōmana. I mua, ko ngā toa anake i mate i te tiaki i a Rōma i whakaatuahia (i hurihia hei atua).
I whakatūria e te Temepara o Divus Julius he tauira mō ngā emepara kia atuatia i muri i te matenga, hei whakapūmau i tō rātou mana me tō rātou taonga tuku iho.
I ēnei rā, kua ururuatia te nuinga, engari e kitea tonutia ana ngā toenga o te turanga me te aata i tahuna ai a Hiha.
He wāhi rongonui tēnei mō ngā haerenga minita; ka waihohia ngā putiputi hou ki reira i ia rā hei whakanui i a Hiha.
3. Te Temepara o Hātana
I te pito hauauru o te Forum tēnei temepara, ā, i whakatapua ki te atua o Hātana, he atua ahuwhenua e pā ana ki te wā.
Ko tētahi o ngā wāhi tapu tawhito rawa atu o Rōma, ā, i tēnei rā, ka taea e koe te tūhura i ngā ururua o tōna hanganga whakamutunga, he hanganga o te rautau 4 AD me ngā pou Ionic whakahīhī e waru.
E rua ngā mahi a te temepara. He pokapū whakapono mō ngā kawa e pā ana ki a Hātana, engari ko te mea nui, i reira te Aerarium, te whare taonga tūmatanui o Rōma.
4. Te temepara o Antoninus rāua ko Faustina
Ko te Temepara o Antoninus rāua ko Faustina tētahi o ngā whare tino tiakina o te Roman Forum.
I hangaia tēnei whare karakia e te emepara ko Antoninus Pius tōna ingoa hei tohu aroha nui ki tana wahine, ki a Faustina, i muri i tōna matenga.
I muri i te matenga o Antoninus Pius i te tau 161 AD, i whakaatuahia te temepara hei whakahonore i a rātou.
Ka taea e koe te tumanako ki te kite i tētahi mata teitei me ngā pou o Koriniti me tētahi hanganga kua whakauruhia ki roto i tētahi whare karakia o ngā wā o mua.
E tū ana te temepara i te taha o te tomokanga o te Roman Forum hei whakamaumaharatanga mō tō rāua pūrākau aroha.
5. Te Temepara o Castor rāua ko Pollux (Te Temepara o te Dioscuri)
I roto i ngā kōrero tuku iho a Rōmana, i whakatapua tēnei temepara ki a Castor rāua ko Pollux, he māhanga e mōhiotia whānuitia ana mō tō rāua eke hōiho me tōna toa.
I hangaia tuatahitia tēnei temepara i te rautau 5 BC hei whakamaumaharatanga mō tā rātou wawaotanga ki te Pakanga o te Roto o Regillus, i reira i puta mai ai rātou hei kaieke hoiho atua e āwhina ana i te ope taua Rōmana.
He maha ngā whakahoutanga me ngā hanganga anō i mahia ki te temepara i roto i ngā rautau.
I oti te putanga whakamutunga i te tau 6 AD e te Emepara Taipiria.
Ahakoa kua ururuatia te nuinga o te temepara ināianei—e toru noa ngā pou me te atamira e toe ana—tērā pea ka kitea tonutia tōna hiranga hītori me tōna rahi i mua.
6. Te Temepara o Venus me Roma
He whare karakia nui rua te Temepara o Venus rāua ko Roma i whakatapua ki a Venus, te atua wahine o te aroha, me Roma, te whakaahuatanga o Rōma tonu.
I whakahaua e Emepara Hadrian te hanganga i te tau 121 AD, ā, i oti i te tau 141 AD pea.
He tohu ia mō te mana o te emepaea me te tuakiri o Rōma.
Ka taea e koe te kite i ngā ururua whakamiharo o te temepara tawhito i whakatapua ki ngā atua wahine o Venus me Roma.
He wāhi tēnei ki te miharo ki ngā hoahoanga uaua o ngā iwi o Rōmana onamata, me te kite i roto i ō rātou whakapono me ā rātou tikanga tuku iho.
7. Te Temepara o Romulus
I hangaia te Temepara o Romulus e te Emepara Maxentius i te tīmatanga o te rautau 4 AD hei whakamaharatanga ki tana tama a Valerius Romulus, i mate taitamariki.
Nō muri mai ka whakauruhia te temepara ki roto i te hanganga Basilica nui ake e te Emepara Constantine.
I whakamahia hei wāhi tapu mō Romulus, te kaiwhakaū rongonui o Rōma me te tama a te atua o Mars.
Ina toro atu koe ki te temepara i tēnei rā, ka kite koe i tētahi hanganga tawhito kua tiakina pai, i whakatapua ki te tama atua a Emepara Maxentius.
He tirohanga whakamīharo ki ngā tikanga karakia me ngā mahi toi hoahoanga o te Emepaea o Roma.
Ngā Whare Ā-Iwi o te Huihuinga
Hurahia ngā kōrero tōrangapū kei muri i ngā whare ā-iwi o te Forum, kia mārama ai ki te āhua i hanga ai te ao Rōmana.
1. Te Kuria Hūria
Ko te Curia Julia te wāhi huihuinga mō te Runanga Nui o Rōma, te rōpū ture o Rōma onamata.
I hangaia e Julius Caesar i te tau 44 BC pea, engari i oti i a ia tōna uri, i a Augustus, i te tau 29 BC.
I roto, i huihui ngā mema o te rūnanga ki te kōrero me te whakatau i ngā take ā-rohe, ā-ture, me ngā kaupapa here.
I tēnei rā, ka kite koe i tētahi hanganga tapawhā whakamiharo me te papa māpere ataahua, ā, ka taea hoki e koe te whakaaro ki te rangatira o ngā huihuinga o te Runanga Nui o Rōmana i tū ki konei i mua.
2. Basilica Aemilia me Basilica Julia
He wehe ngā hanganga o te Basilica Aemilia me te Basilica Julia engari he tata tonu i te taha tonga-mā-uru, ā, kua ngaro te nuinga o ēnei ināianei.
He tūranga nui tā rātou i roto i te oranga ā-iwi o Roma, i whakarato hoki i ngā wāhi mō ngā whakahaere ture, ngā tauhokohoko arumoni, me ngā huihuinga a te marea.
He kohinga turanga me ētahi wāhanga kua hangaia anō te Basilica Aemilia ināianei, engari he tirohanga tonu ki te kororia o te basilica ā-iwi o Rōma.
He rite ki te Basilica Aemilia, ko te nuinga o te Basilica Julia he ururua. Heoi, ka kitea tonutia ngā toenga o tōna turanga, ngā papa, me ētahi āwhata.
3. Papa Tātari
He whare nui tawhito a ngā Rōmana te Tabularium i te Capitoline Hill e titiro atu ana ki te Roman Forum.
I puritia e te tari tuhinga me ngā pūranga o te kāwanatanga o Rōma ngā tuhinga, ngā ture, me ngā tuhinga hītori mai i ngā rā tōmua o te Ripapiripia.
I ēnei rā, ko te mata whakahīhī me ngā kōhao o tēnei whare tawhito anake ka kitea, e whakaatu ana i te tirohanga ki te āhua o te kāwanatanga o Rōma.
4. Rostra
He tūāpapa kōrero a te Rostra i te aroaro o te marea, i reira ngā kaikōrero, ngā kaitōrangapū, me ngā rangatira hōia e kōrero ana ki ngā tāngata o Rōma.
I whakanohoia te tūāpapa ki roto i te Huinga Kōrero hei whakanui ake i te tirohanga me te oro.
Nā tēnei i taea ai e ngā kaikōrero te whaikōrero ki te mano tini i huihui mai i raro.
I ēnei rā, kua ururuatia te nuinga o te Rostra, engari kei te kite tonu koe i ngā toenga o tētahi tūāpapa teitei i whakapuakina ai ngā whaikōrero me ngā whakapuakitanga rongonui.
5. Regia
He whare kingi tawhito te Regia, ā, i muri mai ka noho ko te Pontifex Maximus, te tohunga nui o te whakapono ā-motu o Roma.
I kiia koinei tētahi o ngā whare tawhito rawa atu o Rōma, i hangaia i te rautau 7 BC.
Ko te Regia te wāhi i whakahaerehia ai ngā kawa tapu a ngā kīngi o Rōma, ā, i muri mai, ko ngā kawa whakapono a te Pontifex Maximus.
Ka taea tonu te tūhura i ngā toenga o tētahi whare kingi tawhito me tētahi whare karakia, e whakarato ana i ngā kōrero mō ngā tikanga whakapono o Rōmana i ngā wā o mua me ngā mahi o ia rā a ngā kīngi me ngā tohunga nui.
6. Kōmitiuma
He wāhi huihuinga me te wāhi huihuinga o ngā Rōmana onamata tēnei i te kokonga raki-mā-uru o te Roman Forum.
Koinei te pokapū o ngā mahi tōrangapū me ngā mahi whakawā i te wā o te Ripapiripia o Rōmana.
I konei i mahia ai ngā whakataunga nui, i whakatakotoria ai ngā ture, i tautohetohetia ai hoki, ā, i tū ai ngā pōtitanga.
I tēnei rā, ka taea e koe te mātakitaki i ngā turanga me ētahi whakamaharatanga kāore anō kia pakaru, ka whakaoho i tō hiahia ki ngā mahi tōrangapū ora i tū ki konei i mua.
7. Basilica o Maxentius me Constantine
Ko tētahi tēnei o ngā basilika nui rawa atu o Rōma onamata.
I hangaia i waenganui i te tau 306 me te tau 312 e te Emepara Rōmana, a Maxentius, ā, i oti i te tau 312 e te Emepara Constantine.
He whare nui mō te marea, mō ngā mahi ture, ngā tauhokohoko pakihi, me ētahi atu mahi whakahaere.
Ka kitea e koe ngā tuanui nunui me ngā pou teitei i te ara raki.
E whakaatu ana tēnei mahi toi hoahoanga i te wawata me te pūkenga hangarau o te Emepaea o Rōma i raro i te mana o Maxentius rāua ko Constantine.
Ngā Hanganga Whakamaharatanga
Ko ngā hanganga whakamaharatanga he whare whakahirahira i hangaia hei whakanui i ngā wikitoria nui a te ope taua, ngā whakatutukitanga a te emepaea, me ngā huihuinga nui i roto i te hītori o Rōma.
Ngā Āwhata Whakamana
1. Te Āwhata o Septimius Severus
I hangaia tēnei kōhatu i te tau 203 AD hei whakamaumahara i ngā wikitoria hōia a te Emepara Septimius Severus me āna tama tokorua, a Caracalla rāua ko Geta, ki ngā Pātia. E tohu ana te kōhatu i ngā mahi angitu a Severus i te Rawhiti me tana whakakotahi i te mana o te emepaea. He kōhatu wikitoria māpere mā teitei kua whakapaipaihia ki ngā whakairo matatini e whakaatu ana i ngā wikitoria o te emepara.
2. Te Āwhata o Taituha
Ko te Āwhata o Titus tētahi o ngā āwhata wikitoria rongonui o Rōma. I hangaia i te tau 81 AD e te Emepara Domitian hei whakamaumahara i ngā wikitoria hōia a tōna tuakana, a Emepara Titus. Kei roto i te āwhata he āwhata kotahi me ngā whakairo taipitopito e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaaturanga o ngā pakanga hōia a Titus, tae atu ki te menorah tapu mai i te Temepara i Hiruharama.
Ngā Tīwae: Columna rostrata (Ngaro)
Ko te Columna Rostrata, e mōhiotia ana ko te Pou Rostral, he tohu whakamaharatanga wikitoria o Rōmana i ngā rā o mua, he mea whakapaipai ki ngā ihu (rostra) o ngā kaipuke hoariri i hopukina. I hangaia hei whakanui i ngā wikitoria moana me te whakanui i te kaha o Rōma ki te moana.
Heoi, kua ngaro te Columna Rostrata taketake me ngā pou maha i muri mai. Heoi anō, ka taea tonu e koe te toro atu ki tōna tūnga i mua, me te whakaaro ki te āhuarangi whakanui o ngā wikitoria o Rōmana. Kei te whakaatuhia ētahi wāhanga o tōna tuhinga i te Whare Taonga o Capitoline, e whakaatu ana i te hononga tūturu ki tēnei taonga tuku iho.
Tohutohu mō te Haere ki te Huihuinga Romana
- Whakamaherehia tō huarahi i mua i te whakarite i ngā tohu whenua e tino hiahia ana koe.
- Ko te nuinga o ngā manuhiri ka oma ki ngā tohu whenua nui. Tūhurahia ngā wāhi marino, pērā i te Temepara o Vesta, te Whare rānei o ngā Vestal.
- Whakangāwarihia tō tinana i runga i tētahi paepae, ka kati i ō kanohi. Whakaarohia ngā tangi o ngā hariata me te haruru o te oranga o ia rā i Rōma onamata.
- Hei tino mārama ki te hiranga o te hītori o te Roman Forum, whakaarohia te haere tahi me tētahi kaiārahi e arahina ana e tētahi kaituhi hītori, e tētahi tohunga whaipara tangata rānei.
- Whakamaheretia tō haerenga i ngā wā o ngā hakari, ngā hararei rānei o Rōmana, pērā i te Ides o Maehe, te Hakari rānei o Vestalia. I ēnei wā, ka tū pea te Huihuinga ki ngā hui motuhake, ki ngā kawa rānei e hanga anō ana i ngā tikanga tawhito.
- I mua i tō haerenga mai, mā te pānui i ngā pukapuka pakiwaitara, pakiwaitara rānei e pā ana ki ngā wā o Rōma onamata ka āwhina i a koe ki te rumaki i a koe ki te ahurea, ki ngā mahi tōrangapū, me te oranga o ia rā o taua wā.
Ngā Pātai Auau
1. He aha te mea rongonui ai te Roman Forum?
He rongonui te Huihuinga mō te noho hei pokapū mō te oranga tōrangapū, te oranga whakapono, me te oranga pāpori o Rōma onamata. I reira ngā whaikōrero tūmatanui nui, ngā whakawakanga taihara, me ngā whakataetae gladiatorial.
2. I pēhea te whakangaromanga o te Roman Forum?
I muri i te hinganga o te Emepaea o Rōma i te rautau 5 AD, ka pakaru. I puta tēnei hinganga mō ngā rautau nā te kore aro, ngā āhuatanga taiao pēnei i ngā rū whenua, me te whakamahinga anō o ōna rauemi mō ētahi atu kaupapa hanga whare.
3. Ko wai te kaiwhakaū o te Huinga Kōrero?
Kāore i kitea te Roman Forum e te tangata kotahi, engari i tīmata tōna whanaketanga i raro i ngā kingi tōmua o Rōma, ā, i haere tonu i ngā wā o te Republic me te Imperial.
4. He aha ngā kaupapa rongonui i tū ki te Roman Forum?
He maha ngā huihuinga i kitea i te Huihuinga o te Ao o Roma, tae atu ki te tangihanga o Julius Caesar i te tau 44 BC, te wāhi i whakapuakina ai e Mark Antony tana karakia rongonui. Koinei anō te wāhi i tū ai ngā whaikōrero tūmatanui a ngā kaikōrero rongonui pērā i a Cicero, ā, koinei hoki te wāhi i tū ai ngā tautohetohe tōrangapū.
5. Nōnahea i hangaia ai te Huihuinga?
I tīmata te hanganga o te Huihuinga i te rautau 7 BC, ā, i haere tonu te whanake me te whānui puta noa i ngā wā o te Rōpū Republican me te Emepaea.
Whakaahua Matua: Envato.com/rawf8